Grinding Machine

A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts, using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or of inorganic materials. For machines used to reduce particle size in materials processing see grinding.

Welding

Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastic, by causing coalescene. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld puddle) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the workpieces.

Many different energy source can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electrics arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.

Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join metals by heating and pounding them. Arc welding and oxyeful welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century, and resistance welding followed soon after. Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as World War I and World War II drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods. Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods likeshielded metal arc welding, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc welding,submerged arc welding,flux-cored arc welding and electroslag welding. Developments continued with the invention of laser beam welding and electron beam welding in the latter half of the century. Today, the science continues to advance. Robot welding is becoming more commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld quality and properties.

Dadah Dan Buddhisme

Masalah penyalahgunaan dadah merupakan masalah sedunia yang begitu rumit; yang mana sehingga ke hari ini masih belum dapat dibanteras sepenuhnya. Antara negara pengeluar dadah terbesar di dunia iaitu kawasan Segitiga Emas yang mungkin lebih sesuai dipanggil “Segitiga Maut” dan juga Amerika Selatan masih dalam kancah pergolakan untuk menghapuskannya.

Bekalan dadah di seluruh dunia adalah lebih besar daripada permintaannya. Walaupun pemusnahan dan perampasan secara besar-besaran dilakukan, tetapi ianya masih tidak memberi kesan kepada kuantiti atau jumlah yang diperlukan. Bekalan yang berlebihan ini menambahkan lagi masalah penyalahgunaan dadah di negara-negara pengeluar, dan membuatkan dadah boleh dibeli dengan lebih murah di negara-negara pengguna.

Agama Buddha menegah penganut-penganutnya daripada mengambil sesuatu yang boleh memabuk atau mengkhayalkan; yang boleh membawa kepada ketagihan, kecuali untuk tujuan-tujuan perubatan. Sejak 2,500 tahun dahulu lagi Buddha telah menegaskan perkara ini melalui Pancasila yang ke-5, iaitu ayat yang berbunyi;

" Sura-meraya-majja-pamadatthana-veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami "

yanq bermaksud:

" Aku berikrar akan melatih diri menghindari minuman keras dan benda-benda yang mengkhayalkan."

Pengambilan sesuatu yang memabukkan dan mengkhayalkan seperti dadah dan alkohol ini dilarang oleh Buddha, kerana pengambilannya hanya sekadar memberi kegembiraan yang palsu buat seketika sahaja kepada seseorang itu. Seseorang akan kehilangan pertimbangan diri dan bertindak di luar kesedarannya. Pengambilan dadah atau alkohol juga seringkali menyebabkan berlakunya perpecahan keluarga, penyeksaan ke atas anak dan isteri, merogol dan lain-lain perbuatan yang tergolong dalam keruntuhan moral serta menunjukkan sikap kejahilan dalam beragama. Penagih-penagih dadah adalah sampah kepada masyarakat. Pada hari ini kerajaan terpaksa membelanjakan berjuta-juta ringgit untuk membina pusat pemulihan dadah, sedangkan wang tersebut boleh digunakan untuk projek-projek lain yang lebih bermanfaat.

Keindahan 'MAt Rempit'

Isu mat rempit yang hangat diperkatakan kini telah banyak menimbulkan masalah kepada orang ramai.. Pelbagai langkah telah di ambil oleh pihak berwajib untuk mengurangkan gejala ini. Tapi malangnya ia hanya memberi kesan kepada segelintirnya sahaja..Oleh yang demikian di sini kami ingin menunjukkan gambar mangsa yang agak ngeri hasil daripada aksi-aksi hebat mat rempit..

Mat Rempit may still become useful citizens

I FONDLY remember a very naughty and mischievous kid in the class next to mine during my secondary school days. He was well-known in the school for his antics. I thought kids like him were useless and would grow up to become the scum of society.

Then the discipline teacher chose him to become a prefect. I was really shocked and still did not regard him highly, being on the board myself. However, I was eventually able to see the good qualities in him and since then, I have had nothing but respect for him.

We tend to blindly regard people who behave outside our standard of behaviour to be scum. We always want to punish the so-called bad guys too eagerly. Many times, we fail to see and accept other people's good qualities.

I'm not suggesting all bad boys may be good. But stop saying the Mat Rempit do not deserve a second chance. Putera Umno is giving them a second chance. Why object? Those who take up the offer today may have their lives changed forever. They may still become useful citizens who will eventually do their parents and country proud.

Manufacturing

This article is about manufacturing. Sorry for those who don't like manufacturing, suggest editing the green articles. Manufacturing deserves an explanation, not vandalism by those who think they are above it. On another point, corporations are the ones involved in manufacturing, so referring to them as manufacturers is legitimate information.

The changes Thomas Paine has made unencylopaedic; it reads like a pamphlet written by lobbyists for manufacturing companies! I have re-edited to those areas that merit encyclopaedic treatment, and to attain balance. More specifically:

The description of service sector as "wealth consuming" is eccentric and perjorative. For example, no such assumption underlies the way all major countries calculate GDP! David Friedman only just qualifies as an "economist". He trained as a physicist and many of his contributions are in law and politics. Either way, he's certainly a polemical outlier from mainstream academic views.

"Marginal GDP" growth is not a well-defined term (do you mean the proportional second derivative of GDP?!) - its relationship with manufactured exports is unclear or irrelevant.

That taxation of an industry can fund public services is trivial and not worthy of mention. --Nmcmurdo 18:15, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Wealth consuming and wealth producing are economically accurate descriptions, not perjoratives. The errosion of manufacturing is economically deleterious in the West, just as the expansion of it in China is economically beneficial to China. Nations which exporters more tradable goods have higher marginal GDP growth, that is the essense of Friedman's point and many economists would concur. -TP

These are obscure, cranky arguments that have almost no following amongst serious economists. Taking the 'wealth destroying' point first. The logical implication of this is that most of the economic activity that takes place in the richest countries in the world is useless or counter-productive, and yet these countries somehow continually fluke their way to being richer than all the others! The mainstream view (e.g. as used in the calculation of GDP - fairly 'orthodox' concept!) is that value is best measured by markets, and as such the service sectors in advanced economies generate more value than any other sector.

On whether deindustrialization is economically deleterious, in some cases it might be (e.g. due to real exchange rate disequilibrium). But in general it is a process observed in almost all major economies as they become richer. If you look closely at the statistics, you'll see that China is now deindustrializing, as one would expect as a result of its rapid economic growth. These processes are now fairly well understood - key works are by Baumol, Obsteld & Rogoff, and in the UK, Bob Rowthorn. Steve Nickell (LSE & ex. Monetary Policy Cttee) did an interesting paper on this subject for the OECD in 2004. For a historical view in the UK, I can thoroughly recommend Feinstein et. al. The 'unorthodox' tag for people like David Friedman is essential if they are to be mentioned at all.--Nmcmurdo 01:21, 30 October 2006 (UTC)